How do we cite references?
•In-text reference or In-text citation
•End-text reference or End-text citation
(These subjects will be focused on in detail.J\)
What are the most common styles of citation?
•APA (American Psychological Association)
•MLA (Modern Language Association)
•CMS (Chicago Manual of style)
REMEMBER:
•While you integrate sources into your essay, it should be kept in mind to give both in-text and end-text references whenever you use others’ ideas and/or research.
•Not citing the borrowed ideas is academic dishonesty, which is called PLAGIARISM.
What information should be cited?
•All direct quotations
•All paraphrases
•All summaries
•All facts and statistics that are not common knowledge
•All translations
REMEMBER:
•Even if a piece of information is common knowledge, you need to cite source if you use the exact sentence!
How to cite references
•In this lesson, you will study the conventions of APA style, by means of which you need to document your sources both as in-text and end-text references.
APA in-text style uses the author-year method of citation.
•The first citation of any work must include the author, year and, if a specific page needs to be identified, the page number of the work unless it is mentioned in the text containing the citation.
•Subsequent citations to the same work need NOT include the year as long as the work can easily be distinguished from other works cited in the paper.
EXAMPLE:
The first time a source appears in the text:
"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
The second or other times it appears in the text:
“Students started to find APA style citation relatively easy as they get used to using it” (Jones, p. 201).
BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE
- Depending on your choice, you can place the writer’s surname, the publication year and the page in different places in your sentence.
-When you refer to a text with two writers, if the writers’ names are in parantheses, put an ampersand (&) between the two.
- However, if the writers’ names are outside the parantheses, use “and” in between.
- When you refer to source with three or more writers, you do not need to list all the surnames each time you cite the source.
- The first time you cite the source, list all the surnames putting an ampersand (&) before the last one.
- From then onwards, write only the surname of the first writer and “et al.” which means “the others” in Latin.
•If the information you want to borrow appears as a borrowed source in the source you have at hand, you should refer to both writers using “as cited in”.
EXAMPLE:
According to Viscount Slim, willpower and firmness, which are elements of determination, are the most critical characteristics for a leader (as cited in Hughes et al., 2006, p.15).
•If there is no date of publication, put “n.d.” in the place of year of publication.
( Jackson, n.d., para.5).
•If the information is on a single page, put “p.” before the page number.
EXAMPLE:
Lewis (1967) points out that following his victory in the Turkish War of Independence, there were many distractions, which at that time might have dissuaded Mustafa Kemal, a war-hero (p. 254).
•If the information is on more than a single page, put “pp.” and “-” between the page numbers.
EXAMPLE:
Kinross (1965, pp. 94-95) points out that knowing the patriotic fighting spirit of the Turks, Mustafa Kemal knew how to arouse...
•If there is no page number, indicate the paragraph number with either “para.” or the symbol “ P ”
EXAMPLE:
In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000) explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others (para. 3).
OR
In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000) explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others ( 3)
Indirect quotations
vUse this form to cite a quotation that was found in another (not the original) source.
For example;
•John Evelyn described London's churchyards as being filled with bodies "one above the other, to the very top of the walls, and some above the walls" (qtd. in Clayton, p. 14).
Electronic and Multimedia Sources
vElectronic sources are cited in the typical author-page number style with one difference: when an Internet site does not have page numbers, offer other location information such as screen, section (sec.), paragraph (para.), track, or time frame (minute).
For example:
•Because of Greece's physical characteristics-its jagged coast made almost all settlements within 40 miles of the sea-the ancient Greeks relied on the sea for most long-distance traveling (Martin, 2002, sec. 2.4).
Although it is beneficial to know the basics of referencing...
You do not need to remember all these.
Always check by writing APA referencing guide on www.google.com