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16/11/2019 10:05:11 AM

Writing a Scientific (P2)/ Research Manuscript (How to Write an Effective Research)

Writing a Scientific (P2)/ Research Manuscript (How to Write an Effective Research)

Kết quả hình ảnh cho Writing a Scientific

Authors Listing

•ONLY include those who have made an intellectual contribution to the research
•OR those who will publicly defend the data and conclusions, and who have approved the final version
•Order of the names of the authors can vary from discipline to discipline
– In some fields, the corresponding author’s name appears first

Title

•Describes the paper’s content clearly and precisely including keywords
•Is the advertisement for the article
•Do not use abbreviations and jargon
•Search engines/indexing databases depend on the accuracy of the title - since they use the keywords to identify relevant articles

Abstract

•Summary of Manuscript (200-300 Words)
•Problem investigated
•Purpose of Research
•Methods
•Results
•Conclusion
•Common Mistakes
–Too much background or methods information
–Figures or images
–References to other literature, figures or images
–Abbreviations or acronyms
•Briefly summarize (often 150 words)
- the problem, the method, the results, and the conclusions so that
–The reader can decide whether or not to read the whole article
•Together, the title and the abstract should stand on their own
•Many authors write the abstract last so that it accurately reflects the content of the paper

Introduction

•Broad information on topic
– Previous research
•Narrower background information
– Need for study
•Focus of paper
– Hypothesis
•Summary of problem (selling point)
•Overall 300-500 words
•Common Mistakes
– Too much or not enough information
– Unclear purpose
– Lists
– Confusing structure
– First-Person anecdotes
•Clearly state the:
– Problem being investigated
– Background that explains the problem
– Reasons for conducting the research
•Summarize relevant research to provide context
•State how your work differs from published work
•Identify the questions you are answering
•Explain what other findings, if any, you are challenging or extending
•Briefly describe the experiment, hypothesis(es), research question(s); general experimental design or method

 

Methods and Materials

•Provides instruction on exactly how to repeat experiment 
–Subjects
–Sample preparation techniques
–Sample origins
–Field site description
–Data collection protocol
–Data analysis techniques
–Any computer programs used
–Description of equipment and its use
 
•Provide the reader enough details so they can understand and replicate your research
•Explain how you studied the problem, identify the procedures you followed, and order these chronologically where possible
•Explain new methodology in detail; otherwise name the method and cite the previously published work
•Include the frequency of observations, what types of data were recorded, etc.
•Be precise in describing measurements and include errors of measurement or research design limits

Results

•Objective presentation of experiment results
–Summary of data
•NOT a Discussion!
•Common mistakes
–Raw data
–Redundancy
–Discussion and interpretation of data
–No figures or tables
–Methods/materials reported

Discussion

•Interpret results
–Did the study confirm/deny the hypothesis?
–If not, did the results provide an alternative hypothesis? What interpretation can be made?
–Do results agree with other research? Sources of error/anomalous data?
–Implications of study for field
–Suggestions for improvement and future research?
•Relate to previous research
•Common Mistakes
–Combined with Results
–New results discussed
–Broad statements
–Incorrectly discussing inconclusive results
–Ambiguous data sources
–Missing information

 

Discussion/Conclusion

•Describe what your results mean in context of what was already known about the subject
•Indicate how the results relate to expectations and to the literature previously cited
•Explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward
•Do not extend your conclusions beyond what is directly supported by your results - avoid undue speculation
•Outline the next steps for further study

 

 

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